Showing posts with label Amedée Couturie. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Amedée Couturie. Show all posts

Friday, May 29, 2020

William H. Seward to Reverdy Johnson, June 10, 1862

DEPARTMENT OF STATE,            
Washington, June 10, 1862.
REVERDY JOHNSON, Esq.:

SIR: You are aware that complaints have been made of recent proceedings of Major-General Butler, at New Orleans, in reference to foreign consuls, and particularly the consul of the Netherlands there. It being desirable to have the complaints investigated by a commissioner of high character and acknowledged ability, the President has selected you for the purpose. You will receive herewith a copy of all the papers on the subject in this Department, including memoranda of conversations between Lord Lyons and myself, Mr. Mercier and myself, and correspondence between Mr. Roest Van Limburg, the minister of the Netherlands, and this Department. You will proceed to New Orleans by the earliest opportunity and will lose no time in making your inquiries, which should be as thorough and impartial as circumstances may permit.

I am, sir, your obedient servant,
WILLIAM H. SEWARD.
_______________

[Inclosure No. 1.]

 [Inclosure No. 2.]

[Inclosure No. 3.]

[Inclosure No. 4.]

 [Inclosure No. 5.—Translation.]

[Inclosure No. 6. —Translation.]

[Inclosure No. 7. —Translation.]

[Inclosure No. 8.]

[Inclosure No. 9.]

[Inclosure No. 10.—Translation.]

[Inclosure No. 11. —Translation.]

[Inclosure No. 12.]

[Inclosure No. 13.]

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 115-6, Sub-inclosures, p. 116-139

Major-General Benjamin F. Butler to Edwin M. Stanton, May 16, 1862

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF,                  
New Orleans, May 16, 1862.
Hon. E. M. STANTON,
Secretary of War:

SIR: Since my dispatch of May 8* I received information that a large amount of specie was concealed in the liquor store of one Am. Couturie, who claims to be consul for the Netherlands. Upon applying to him, he denied all knowledge of it; claimed all the property there as his own. Upon examination, however, there was discovered to be $800,000 in Mexican coin bearing the mark of the Citizens' Bank of New Orleans, the specie capital of which had been elongated before the occupation of the city. Of this I took possession. This money was immediately claimed by Hope & Co., of Amsterdam. A copy of the claim of the agent is herewith transmitted, marked A. But the whole transaction seems to be tinctured with bad faith, as the steel dies and plates of the bank were found in a box amongst this very specie, which is said to have been paid to Hope & Co. before it was due, while the bank was refusing to redeem their bills at home in coin. I hold the specie subject to the orders of the Department. I send also copies of the correspondence between the consul of the Netherlands and myself, and also of the other consuls, upon the same subject, marked B, C, D, E, F, [G].

Indeed, the claims of these consular gentlemen are most extravagant. Men who have lived here all their lives now claim perfect immunity from the ordinary laws of war for themselves and all property which they can cover, although they have been in arms against the United States. Many of these pretensions are too absurd to be for a moment entertained. Amongst other things it is claimed that the consulate flag and consulate have all and more than all of the privileges accorded to residence of a minister plenipotentiary and envoy extraordinary by the laws of nations.

Almost all property, therefore, useful to the United States which has not been burned or carried off will be found to be held here by persons who have lived in Louisiana all their lives, but now claim to be foreigners. Every schooner and fishing smack that cannot venture out of the river raises a foreign flag. All wood for steamers for miles up the river has been burnt, except isolated yards, and in one instance the owner refused to sell one of my boats any wood, and when the officer went to take it hoisted the French flag over it. The steamer wooded up, however.

May I ask direction of the Department on this subject? I call attention in this communication to the correspondence between a person claiming to be acting British consul here and myself relative to the British Guard, the military organization that sent their arms and equipments to General Beauregard after the city was taken. The whole facts are set forth in that correspondence, marked H. I have neither doubt nor hesitation in regard to my action in the premises.

Immediately upon my seizure of the money of the Citizens' Bank I had an interview with the representatives of all the banks of New Orleans. On the approach of the fleet these organizations had sent away and concealed their specie. The letters marked K will explain what has been done. They are now very anxious to get their money back again, are straining every nerve to do so in the best of faith, and are asking me to actively aid them, which I am doing. I thought it much better that ten or twelve millions of specie should be brought within our lines, under our protection and control, than to be left in the Confederate States as a military chest for the rebels. My fear is that a large portion of the money is lost, as it may never be allowed to return.

You will observe that in the letter to the banks, marked K, I have not pledged myself not to "retake" from them the property of the United States. I refer to the specie originally stolen from the mint and treasury here and paid into banks by the secession authorities. I would desire to know these amounts from the bureaus at Washington. I propose the banks shall pay back the amounts so received. When I have traced stolen property to the receiver I have done my duty. The sureties of the several U.S. officers who made these defalcations then are still here, and by prompt action their property may be seized and their indebtment secured.

Will copies of the bonds be sent?

*          *          *          *          *          *          *          *          *          *

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

BENJ. F. BUTLER,              
Major-General, Commanding.
_______________

* See Series 1, Vol. VI, p. 506.

Portions of letter here omitted relates more particularly to military operations & is printed in Series I, Vol. XV, pp. 422-4.
_______________

[Sub-inclosures.]

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.
Amedée Couturie:Statement of Facts: May 13, 1862 — 11 a.m.

G.

H.

K.

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 116-7, Sub-inclosures, p. 117-130

Edmund J. Forstall to Major-General Benjamin F. Butler, May 11, 1862

NEW ORLEANS, May 11, 1862.
Major-General BUTLER, U.S. Army,
Commanding Department of the Gulf:

SIR: I take the liberty respectfully to submit to you the following facts:

On the 1st of April last I presented for record in the books of the consul of the Pays-Bas, Am. Couturie, esq., the following resolutions of the Citizens' Bank of Louisiana, bearing date 25th of February last, placing in my hands for the purposes therein stipulated the sum of $800,000 in Mexican dollars, as agent of Messrs. Hope & Co., of Amsterdam:

James D. Denegre, president; Eugene Rousseau, cashier.

CITIZENS' BANK OF LOUISIANA,                    
New Orleans, February 25, 1862.

Extract from the journal of proceedings of the board of directors of the Citizens' Bank
of Louisiana at their sitting of 24th of February, 1862.

“Whereas the present rate of exchange on Europe would entail a ruinous loss on this bank for such sums as are due semi-annually in Amsterdam for the interest on the State bonds:

"Be it therefore resolved, That the president be, and he is hereby, authorized to make a special deposit of $800,000 in Mexican dollars in the hands of Messrs. Hope & Co., of Amsterdam, Holland, agents of the bondholders in Europe, through their authorized agent, Edmund J. Forstall, esq., for the purpose of providing for the interest on said bonds.

"Be it further resolved, That such portions of the above sum as may be required from time to time to pay the interest accruing on the State bonds shall be so applied by Messrs. Hope & Co.: Provided, however, That the bank shall have the option of redeeming an equivalent amount in coin by approved sterling exchange to the satisfaction of the agent of Messrs. Hope & Co.: And provided further, That in the event of the blockade of this port not being raised in time to allow of the shipment of said coin, then the said Edmund J. Forstall will arrange with Messrs. Hope & Co. for the necessary advances to protect the credit of the State and of the bank until such time as the coin can go forward to liquidate said debt; but no commission shall be allowed for such shipment of coin or any other expenses except those actually incurred, and on the resumption of specie payment by this bank this trust to cease and the balance of coin to be returned to the bank.”

On the 12th of April, as agent of Messrs. Hope & Co., and with a view to their better security in such times of excitement, I deemed it my duty to withdraw the said sum of $800,000, already marked and prepared for shipment, say 160 kegs, Hope & Co., containing $5,000 each, and to place the same under the protection of the consul of the Netherlands, Am. Couturie, esq., for which I hold his receipt as follows:

CONSULATE NETHERLANDS,               
New Orleans, April 12, 1862.

Received on deposit from Mr. Edmund J. Forstall, agent in this city of Messrs. Hope & Co., of Amsterdam, 160 barrels, marked H. & C., and containing each $5,000, total 800,000 Mexican dollars. The said barrels are deposited in the vaults of the Netherlands consulate, 109 Canal street.

AM. COUTURIE,                 
Consul Netherlands.

I also placed in the hands of the said consul on the same day ten bonds of the New Orleans City for $1,000 each, and eight bonds of the city of Mobile, for which he gave me the following receipt:

NEW ORLEANS, April 12, 1862.

Received on deposit from Mr. Edmund J. Forstall, agent in this city of Messrs. Hope & Co., of Amsterdam, ten consolidated bonds debt of New Orleans of $1,000 each, eight bonds of the city of Mobile of $1,000 each, which bonds were placed in my hands to the account of Messrs. Hope & Co., Amsterdam.

AM. COUTURIE,                 
Consul Netherlands.

On the first reliable opportunity offering of communicating with Messrs. Hope & Co., which was on 1st of April last, I wrote them as follows:

The Citizens' Bank and Consolidated Association, unlike our other banks, being based on foreign capital, I have thought it my duty to interfere in behalf of the bondholders you represent in order to secure as much of the cash assets of the institution in question as needed punctually to meet running interests in Europe until communications are again opened. For this special purpose the Citizens' Bank has placed in my hands $800,000 in Mexican dollars under the following resolutions. (Same as before transcribed.) This document has been registered as follows:

"Seen and registered in the journal at the consulate under the heading of Order 1, New Orleans, April 1, 1862.

"AM. COUTURIE,               
"Consul of the Netherlands."

For the protection of French property in case of need, the French consul has taken a fireproof building formerly occupied by the Canal Bank with vaults for coin, &c. The French consul has consented to receive for safe-keeping under the protection of your consul the above amount of $800,000 of Mexican dollars. I am also depositing there ten New Orleans City bonds and eight city of Mobile bonds belonging to you. I am doing the same with the bonds belonging to Messrs. Baring Bros. & Co., under the protection of the British consul.

The French consul having subsequently declined receiving the above specie, Mr. Am. Couturie used his own vaults in Canal street.

I hold the power of attorney of Messrs. Hope & Co., covering my whole intervention in this matter; also the originals of all the documents before transcribed, which I am ready to exhibit if desired. I may be permitted here to remark that so far back as the middle of February last I called the attention of both the Citizens' Bank and Consolidated Association to the propriety of securing against all contingencies, and, so far as they were able, the bondholders represented by Messrs. Hope & Co. and Baring Bros. & Co., who had supplied them with their banking capital.

Under these circumstances I deem it my duty to claim in behalf of Messrs. Hope & Co., of Amsterdam, the above sum of $800,000, say 160 kegs, marked H. & Co., containing each $5,000, which, I am informed, has been forcibly taken out of the possession of the consul of Holland, Am. Couturie, esq., and I trust that on a consideration of facts no doubt unknown to you you will see the justice of ordering said money to be returned to me that I may ship same to Europe in accordance with my contract with the Citizens' Bank so soon as I may be permitted to do so.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
 EDM. J. FORSTALL.

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 117-9

Amedée Couturie to Major-General Benjamin F. Butler, April 10, 1862 — 9 p.m.

NEW ORLEANS, Saturday, May 10, 18629 p.m.
Maj. Gen. B. F. BUTLER, U.S. Army,
Commanding Department of the Gulf, New Orleans:

SIR: Herewith inclosed I have the honor to transmit to you a statement of facts which transpired in my consular office during the afternoon of this day, duplicates of which statement I am about to transmit to the minister of my Government, accredited at Washington, and also to the minister of foreign affairs at The Hague. I desire to know whether the acts recited in said statement were performed with your sanction or by your orders. Your answer, or a faithful copy thereof, shall accompany my messages to my ministers and Government.

I have the honor to be, respectfully, your obedient servant,

 AM. COUTURIE,                
Consul of the Netherlands.

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 119

Amedée Couturie: Statement Of Facts, April 10, 1862

On this day, the 10th of April, 1862, and at the hour of five minutes to 2 o'clock p.m., I, being in my consular office, No. 109 Canal street, was called upon by an officer wearing the uniform and arms of a captain of the U.S. Army, accompanied by a squad of six or eight men under his command.

The captain informed me that he came to prevent the exit of any person or property from the premises.

I said that I was consul of the Netherlands; that this was the office of my consulate, and that I protested against any such violation of same. I then wrote a note to Comte Mejan, consul of France, in this city, requesting him to come to me for consultation.

This note was handed to the officer, whose name I then learned to be Captain Shipley, who promised to send it after taking it to headquarters.

Captain Shipley returned and stated to me that by order of Major-General Butler my note would not be sent to Consul Mejan, and that he, the captain, would proceed forthwith to search the premises. Captain Shipley then demanded of me the keys of my vault. These I refused to deliver. He remarked that he would have to force open the doors, and I told him that in regard to that he could do what he pleased. For the second time I again protested against the violation of the consular office to Captain Shipley, who then went out. Before he left I distinctly put the question to him, “Sir, am I to understand that my consular office is taken possession of and myself am arrested by you, and that, too, by the order of Major-General Butler?” He replied, “Yes, sir.” During Captain Shipley's absence another officer remained in the office and a special sentinel was put on guard in the room where I then kept myself. The name of this second officer was Lieutenant Whitcomb, as he informed me. Captain Shipley returned and was followed by another officer, whose name I could not ascertain, but from appearances ranking him.

This officer approached me, and in a passionate, insulting tone, contrasting singularly with the gentlemanly deportment of both Captain Shipley and Lieutenant Whitcomb, made the same demand for the keys as had been made by Captain Shipley, and I made the same refusal, protesting against the act, as I had done before. He then gave orders to search the office and break open, if need be, the doors of the vault.

I then arose and said:

I, Amedée Couturie, consul of the Netherlands, protest against any occupation or search of my office; and this I do in the name of my Government. The name of my consulate is over the door, and my flag floats over my head. If I cede, it is to force alone.

Search being begun in the office by the officer, I told him that the keys were on my person. He then in a more than rough tone ordered two of the soldiers to search my person, using the following among other expressions: “Search the fellow,” “strip him,” “take off his coat, stockings,” “search even the soles of his shoes.” I remarked to the officer that the appellation “fellow” that he gave me was never applied to a gentleman, far less to a foreign consul in his consular capacity, as I was then, and that I requested him to remember that he had said the word. He replied it was the name he had given me, and he repeated over the name three times.

Both Captain Shipley and Lieutenant Whitcomb then stepped forward. The latter was the first to take two keys out of my coat pocket. The former took the key of my vault from the right pocket of my pantaloons. Of the keys taken by Lieutenant Whitcomb there was one opening my place of business, which had nothing to do with my place consulate and is situated in a different part of the city. I claimed it, but was told by the commanding officer that he would keep it for the present, but might let me have it to-morrow.

I must here state that when Captain Shipley told me that my letter to the consul of France would not be sent I remarked that I had forwarded another message to the consul and was expecting him every moment, and that if he, the captain, would delay action until I had seen the consul of France something good might come out of my consultation. Captain Shipley replied that he could not delay action, and that the order of General Butler was to go on with the work he was charged with.

The superior officer then took the keys, opened the vault, and in company of Captain Shipley and Lieutenant Whitcomb entered the same. What they did there I was unable to see, as I kept myself in the same place and in the same chair where I had been searched.

After searching for some time said officer retired, leaving the vault open, Captain Shipley and Lieutenant Whitcomb remaining with their men. Two other officers that I had not seen before came in and joined them for some time.

After an absence of about three-quarters of an hour the officer in question returned, and in the presence of the other officers closed and locked the vault, taking the keys along with him. I then remarked to him that the key of my store was among those that had been taken away from my person, and I wished to have it. The same officer then asked me whether my store contained any goods or property belonging to the Confederates, to which inquiry I answered in the negative. The same officer made use of the following language at the time: “You have placed yourself in a bad position, and shall be treated without any consideration.” He retired after that. It was then about 4 p.m.

I then continued to be a prisoner under the charge of Captain Shipley and a guard of armed soldiers placed inside and outside of my office until about 7 p.m., when Captain Shipley, having communicated with another officer who came in the consular office, approached me and said: “You are now at liberty to go wherever you please, sir.” I said: “I am at liberty to go wherever I please?” He answered: “Yes, sir.” I then remarked: “And it is by verbal communication that I am informed of the fact?” He replied: “The same as you were arrested.” I then rose, and before leaving my office made the following remark to Captain Shipley: “You have taken possession of this office, I leave everything in your charge.” To this he replied: “I will take care of it.” Whereupon I left my office, and a short time after I took down my consular flag.

AM. COUTURIE,                 
Consul of the Netherlands.

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 119-21

Major-General Benjamin F. Butler to Cte. Mejan, Le Consul de France et al,* May 12, 1862

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF,                  
New Orleans, May 12, 1862.

MESSRS.:* I have the protest which you have thought it proper to make in regard to the action of my officers toward the consul of the Netherlands, which action I approve and sustain. I am grieved that without investigation of the facts you, Messrs., should have thought it your duties to take action on the matter. The fact will appear to be, and easily to be demonstrated at the proper time, that the flag of the Netherlands was made to cover and conceal property of an incorporated company of Louisiana, secreted under it from the operation of the laws of the United States. That the supposed fact that the consul had under the flag only the property of Hope & Co., citizens of the Netherlands, is untrue. He had other property which could not by law be his property or the property of Hope & Co.; of this I have abundant proof in my own hands. No person can exceed me in the respect I shall pay to the flags of all nations, and to the consular authority, even while I do not recognize many claims made under them, but I wish to have it most distinctly understood that in order to be respected the consul, his office, and the use of his flag must each and all be respected.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

BENJ. F. BUTLER,              
Major-General, Commanding.
_______________

*The signers of the paper next, ante.

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 122

Amedée Couturie to Major-General Benjamin F. Butler, May 16, 1862

NEW ORLEANS, May 16, 1862.
Maj. Gen. B. F. BUTLER, U.S. Army,
Commanding Department of the Gulf, at New Orleans:

SIR: Your official communication of the 14th instant I have received, and transmitted literal copies thereof to my Government through the usual channels.

In reading it I cannot but think that you have misunderstood the communication which I had the honor of addressing you on the 10th instant, and to which it purports to be an answer.

My communication recited a series of outrages upon my person, the dignity of consulate office, and of the flag of the Government which I have the honor of representing in this city; and informed you that as those acts would be brought to the knowledge of my Government I desired to know whether they were performed with your sanction or by your order. It has pleased you to say that so far as you can judge I have merited the treatment I have received, even if a little rough. I am therefore to infer that the acts brought to your notice received your sanction.

I shall leave it with my Government to direct my future course in consequence of those acts and to pronounce the use which I have made of my consular flag, and in the meanwhile I have to inform you that I have placed the interests of the subjects of His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, heretofore in my charge, under the charge and keeping of the consul of His Majesty the Emperor of the French in New Orleans. But I must be permitted, referring to my only intercourse with your subordinate and with yourself, to insist upon the fact that none of the property covered by my consular flag was claimed by me as my private property, and that I have never admitted anything in reference thereto.

You will find herewith inclosed a copy of an additional statement of facts, subsequent to my first communication, which statement has also been transmitted to my Government. You will perceive that the property which was removed from my consular office by the armed forces under your command, except the title papers and other objects specified in said additional statement of facts, had been received by me as a deposit from Mr. Edmund J. Forstall, a highly respectable citizen and merchant of New Orleans, for many years known as the agent of the banking-house of Hope & Co., of Amsterdam, for whom he was acting in the premises.

Such being the truth of the facts in reference to said property as represented to, and as believed and acted upon by me, I must and do hereby protest against the removal from my consular office of property belonging to and placed there for account of subjects of His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, against the acts of violence which preceded and the display of force which accompanied such removal, and against the violation of the privileges and immunities with which by the law of nations and the treaties of the United States I was invested in my official character.

I have the honor to be, respectfully, your obedient servant,

AM. COUTURIE,                 
Consul of the Netherlands.

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 122-3

Amedée Couturie:Statement of Facts: May 13, 1862 — 11 a.m.

NEW ORLEANS, May 13, 1862—11 a.m.

A statement of the facts that occurred after I took down the consular flag:

Having hauled down the flag of the Netherlands and left the premises, I paused for a moment in front of the building, which was surrounded by a great crowd of citizens of this place. I noticed that the inside and outside of the consular office were occupied by armed soldiers.

Passing by at 9 o'clock and again at midnight I noticed armed sentinels pacing all around the building; which was then closed. On the following day, being Sunday, the 11th instant, or thereabout, a party of armed soldiers, commanded by officers in uniform with side-arms, reached the consular office, which they entered. At the same time a certain number of drays and wagons arrived in front of the consular office, and the articles hereinafter recited were removed from the vault of my consulate, placed on the sidewalk, thence upon the vehicles, carted off, and removed in presence of a large crowd of citizens. The articles removed by the military force are the following:

No. 1.—One hundred and sixty kegs containing each $5,000, being in all $800,000, Mexican silver dollars, which were deposited with me, as consul of the Netherlands, on the 12th day of April last, by Edmund J. Forstall, esq., a prominent merchant and citizen of this city, acting as agent of Messrs. Hope & Co., of Amsterdam, by virtue of an act of procuration which he then communicated to me. Said specie I was to keep and promised to keep in pledge for account of said firm and hold subject to their order. The above facts were afterward communicated by me to the minister of foreign affairs at The Hague, with a request that he would be pleased to transmit the information of the same to Messrs. Hope & Co.

No. 2.—One tin box (to which we gave the name of a bank box of this city), locked, containing, first, ten bonds of the consolidated debt of the city of New Orleans for $1,000 each, the nominal value of which is $10,000; second, eight bonds of the city of Mobile of the value of $1,000 each, the nominal value of which is $8,000. Said eighteen bonds were deposited with me on the 12th day of April last by Edmund J. Forstall, esq., in the capacity above recited as the property of Messrs. Hope & Co.; third, divers papers, being titles and deeds, my consular commission from His Majesty the King of the Netherlands, and exequatur from the President of the United States.

No. 3.—Six other tin boxes marked with my name, “Amedée Couturie,” containing private deeds, silverware, &c., which boxes are the property of divers persons for whom I am agent.

No. 4.—Two or more tin boxes, the property of the Hope Insurance Company, of this city, which occupied a portion of the premises in which my consulate was located.

Since the removal of the articles herein recited from the vault of the consulate the doors of the same have been closed and locked and armed sentinels continue to be placed at the entrance of and around the building. The coin and other articles above enumerated have been deposited, to the best of my knowledge, either in the mint or customhouse in this city, both public edifices, being occupied by the U.S. military.

AM. COUTURIE,                 
Consul of the Netherlands.

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 123-4

Major-General Benjamin F. Butler to Amedée Couturie, May 14, 1862

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE GULF,                  
New Orleans, May 14, 1862.
The CONSUL OF THE NETHERLANDS:

SIR: Your communication of the 10th instant is received. The nature of the property found concealed beneath your consular flag, the specie, dies, and plates of the Citizens' Bank of New Orleans, under a claim that it was your private property, which claim is now admitted to be groundless, shows you have merited, so far as I can judge, the treatment you have received, even if a little rough. Having prostituted your flag to a base purpose, you could not hope to have it respected, so debased.

I am, officially, your obedient servant,
BENJ. F. BUTLER,              
Major-general, Commanding.

SOURCE: The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series III, Volume 2 (Serial No. 123), p. 124