Saturday, May 23, 2015

Franklin B. Sanborn to Harvey B. Hurd, January 3, 1857

State Kansas Committee Rooms,
Boston, Jan. 3, 1857.

H. B. HURD, Esq., Secy. National Kansas Committee.

Dear Sir, — The Massachusetts Kansas Committee have thought it best to rescind the vote by which certain rifles owned by S. Cabot, Jr., are made subject to the order of the Kansas Central Committee, and to resume possession of the same. They were taken on to Tabor, it is understood, by Dr. J. P. Root; but they seem to be still at Tabor, and not to be at present needed in Kansas. Any information which you can give our agent Mr. Clark, or any directions to your agents which will facilitate his business, we hope you will give him. The necessary expense of transporting the rifles will be reimbursed by this committee when they have obtained actual possession of them; and they will be held in trust for the people of Kansas for the present.

Truly yours,
F. B. Sanborn,
Cor. Sec. Mass. S. K. Com.

SOURCE: Franklin B. Sanborn, The Life and Letters of John Brown, p. 358

In the Review Queue: 1865 America Makes War and Peace in Lincoln’s Final Year


Edited by Harold Holzer
and Sara Vaughn Gabbard

In 1865 Americans faced some of the most important issues in the nation’s history: the final battles of the Civil War, the struggle to pass the Thirteenth Amendment, the peace process, reconstruction, the role of freed slaves, the tragedy of Abraham Lincoln's assassination, and the trials of the conspirators. In this illuminating collection, prominent historians of nineteenth-century America offer insightful overviews of the individuals, events, and issues that shaped the future of the United States in 1865.

Following an introduction by renowned Lincoln scholar Harold Holzer, nine new essays explore the end of the Civil War, Lincoln’s death, and the start of the tentative peace in 1865. Michael Vorenberg discusses how Lincoln shepherded through the House of Representatives the resolution sending the Thirteenth Amendment to the states for ratification, John F. Marszalek and Michael B. Ballard examine the partnership of Lincoln’s war management and General Ulysses S. Grant’s crucial last thrusts against Robert E. Lee, and Richard Striner recounts how Lincoln faced down Confederate emissaries who proposed immediate armistice if Lincoln were to reverse the Emancipation Proclamation. Ronald C. White Jr. offers a fresh look at Lincoln’s second inaugural address, and Richard Wightman Fox provides a vivid narrative of Lincoln’s dramatic walk through Richmond after the Confederates abandoned their capital.

Turning to Lincoln’s assassination, Edward Steers Jr. relates the story of Booth’s organizational efforts that resulted in the events of that fateful day, and Frank J. Williams explains the conspirators’ trial and whether they should have faced military or civilian tribunals. Addressing the issue of black suffrage, Edna Greene Medford focuses on the African American experience in the final year of the war. Finally, Holzer explains the use of visual arts to preserve the life and legacy of the martyred president.

Rounding out the volume are a chronology of national and international events during 1865, a close look at Lincoln’s activities and writings from January 1 through April 14, and other pertinent materials. This thoughtful collection provides an engaging evaluation of one of the most crucial years in America’s evolution.


About the Authors

Harold Holzer is the Roger Hertog Fellow at the New-York Historical Society and the chairman of the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial Foundation. He is the author, coauthor, editor, or coeditor of forty-seven books about Abraham Lincoln, most recently Lincoln and the Power of the Press: The War for Public Opinion, which won the 2015 Lincoln Prize. He has published six books with SIU Press.

Sara Vaughn Gabbard, the executive director of Friends of the Lincoln Collection of Indiana, is the editor of Lincoln Lore and a recipient of the 2015 Order of Lincoln Award from the state of Illinois. She and Holzer coedited Lincoln and Freedom: Slavery, Emancipation, and the Thirteenth Amendment and 1863: Lincoln’s Pivotal Year, and she and Joseph R. Fornieri coedited Lincoln’s America, 1809–1865. She also served as a coeditor of the Concise Lincoln Library.

ISBN 978-0809334018, Southern Illinois University Press, © 2015, Hardcover, 208 pages, Photograph & Illustrations, End Notes at the end of each essay, Appendices & Index. $32.95.  To purchase a copy of this book click HERE.

Colonel Charles Russell Lowell to Eleanor Jackson, September 16, 1863

Centreville, Sept. 16, '63.

I had occasion to see Stanton to-day, — and introduced [the subject of] coloured prisoners, of course. He said he had long ago ordered General Gilmore to demand from the rebel General a statement of what Fifty-Fourth prisoners he had, and what their treatment was; — he had had no reply from Gilmore, and was proposing to send an officer to Charleston on that special mission, — if no satisfactory reply could be got from Beauregard, we should assume the worst, and should retaliate. The Government had no information of what men or officers they had, or even of what they were believed to have.

We cannot insist upon their exchanging this or that officer in this or that regiment, but we can rightly demand an acknowledgment of the equal claims of all, and can compel this uniform treatment. He was in favour of refusing exchanges until we had secured these two points, — he did not pretend to say, however, that this would be the policy of the Administration, though he himself had the matter very much at heart.

Governor Andrew saw Mr. Lincoln yesterday and urged the same points again to him, — he had an impression that it would be "all right" yet. Stanton recognizes entirely the injustice and the impolicy of yielding a hair's-breadth in the matter.

SOURCE: Edward Waldo Emerson, Life and Letters of Charles Russell Lowell, p. 305-6

Colonel John Sedgwick to Governor Edwin D. Morgan, November 16, 1861


Headquarters Sedgwick's Brigade,
Camp Near Alexandria,
November 16, 1861.
To his Excellency E. D. Morgan,
Governor of the State of New York.

Sir:

I herewith enclose returns of the 38th and 40th Regiments New York State Volunteers, as requested in your circular of the 28th ultimo. In forwarding them I take occasion to testify to your Excellency as to the fine condition and high state of discipline of these regiments. I would particularly mention the 38th, which, in my opinion, is not excelled by any volunteer regiment in the service. I would beg leave to suggest to your Excellency that in breaking up some of the many partial regimental organizations now existing in your State, it would be desirable to assign two hundred recruits to this regiment (38th), as they would be consolidated with well-drilled soldiers and under officers having experience.

I have the honor to be
Your Excellency's very obedient servant,
John Sedgwick,
Brigadier-General of Volunteers.

SOURCE: George William Curtis, Correspondence of John Sedgwick, Major-General, Volume 2, p. 33-4

Diary of Lieutenant-Colonel Rutherford B. Hayes: Sunday, December 8, 1861

A cloudy morning, threatening rain. After ten A. M. cleared up and a bright, warm day. Inspected quarters informally with Lieutenant-Colonel Eckley. Favorable impressions of his disposition confirmed; dined with him and his adjutant, Lieutenant James, of Urbana, and Rev. Long, ditto. Wrote letters — very short — to Uncle, mother, and Lucy.

Had a good drill after evening parade. Colonel Scammon, Lieutenant Gardner, quartermaster, and Major Comly play whist in the other room.  . . . We have intimations that Jenkins and his cavalry are coming in here again. The colonel is taking precautions against surprise. I shall see that my regiment is ready, if possible.

SOURCE: Charles Richard Williams, editor, Diary and Letters of Rutherford Birchard Hayes, Volume 2, p. 156-7

Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Lyman to Elizabeth Russell Lyman, April 17, 1865

April 17, 1865

How wicked we are in this world! — Now, when I should be only overflowing with joy and thankfulness at these great results, I keep finding myself boiling and fuming over the personal neglect of General Meade and the totally undeserved prominence given to Sheridan. Yet Meade is really of no more consequence in this vast question of all time, than a sailor, who pulls a good oar, compared with the Atlantic Ocean. The truth will stand out in sober history, even for him — in the future Motleys and Prescotts. The plain truth about Meade is, first, that he is an abrupt, harsh man, even to his own officers, when in active campaign; and secondly, that he, as a rule, will not even speak to any person connected with the press. They do not dare to address him. With other generals, how different: at Grant's Headquarters there is a fellow named Cadwalader, a Herald man, and you see the Lieutenant-General's Staff officers calling, “Oh, Cad; come here a minute!” That is the style! With two or three exceptions, Grant is surrounded by the most ordinary set of plebeians you ever saw. I think he has them on purpose (to avoid advice), for he is a man who does everything with a specific reason; he is eminently a wise man. He knows very well Meade's precise capacity and strong points. For example, if Meade says a certain movement of troops should be made, Grant makes it, almost as a matter of course, because he is so wise as to know that there is one of Meade's strong points.

SOURCE: George R. Agassiz, Editor, Meade’s Headquarters, 1863-1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, p. 358-9

Diary of John Beauchamp Jones: August 24, 1861

We are resting on our oars after the victory at Manassas, while the enemy is drilling and equipping 500,000 or 600,000 men. I hope we may not soon be floating down stream! We know the enemy is, besides, building iron-clad steamers — and yet we are not even erecting casemate batteries! We are losing precious time, and, perhaps, the government is saving, money!

SOURCE: John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, Volume 1, p. 75

Diary of John Beauchamp Jones: August 25, 1861

I believe the Secretary will resign; but “immediate still lies on his table.

News of a battle near Springfield, Mo. McCulloch and Price defeat the Federals, killing and wounding thousands. Gen. Lyon killed.

SOURCE: John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, Volume 1, p. 75

Diary of John Beauchamp Jones: August 26, 1861

What a number of cavalry companies are daily tendered in the letters received at this department. Almost invariably they are refused; and really it is painful to me to write these letters. This government must be aware, from the statistics of the census, that the South has quite as many horses as the North, and twice as many good riders. But for infantry, the North can put three men in the field to our one. Ten thousand mounted men, on the border of the enemy's country, would be equal to 30,000 of the enemy's infantry; not in combat: but that number would be required to watch and guard against the inroads of 10,000 cavalry. It seems to me that we are declining the only proper means of equalizing the war. But it is my duty to obey, and not to deliberate.

SOURCE: John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, Volume 1, p. 75

Diary of John Beauchamp Jones: August 27, 1861

We have news of a fight at Hawk's Nest, Western Virginia. Wise whipped the Yankees there quite handsomely.

SOURCE: John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, Volume 1, p. 75

Diary of John Beauchamp Jones: August 28, 1861

Beauregard offers battle again on the plains of Manassas; but it is declined by the enemy, who retire behind their fortifications. Our banners are advanced to Munson's Hill, in sight of Washington. The Northern President and his cabinet may see our army, with good glasses, from the roof of the White House. It is said they sleep in their boots; and that some of them leave the city every night, for fear of being captured before morning.

Generals Johnston, Wise, and Floyd are sending here, daily, the Union traitors they discover to be in communication with the enemy. We have a Yankee member of Congress, Ely, taken at Manassas; he rode out to witness the sport of killing rebels as terriers kill rats, but was caught in the trap himself. He says his people were badly whipped; and he hopes they will give up the job of subjugation as a speculation that won't pay. Most of the prisoners speak thus while in confinement.

SOURCE: John Beauchamp Jones, A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, Volume 1, p. 75-6

Diary of Mary Boykin Chesnut: August 8, 1862

Mr. Daniel Blake drove down to my sister's in his heavy, substantial English phaeton, with stout and strong horses to match. I went back with him and spent two delightful days at his hospitable mansion. I met there, as a sort of chaplain, the Rev. Mr. –––. He dealt unfairly by me. We had a long argument, and when we knelt down for evening prayers, he introduced an extemporaneous prayer and prayed for me most palpably. There was I down on my knees, red-hot with rage and fury. David W. said it was a clear case of hitting a fellow when he was down. Afterward the fun of it all struck me, and I found it difficult to keep from shaking with laughter. It was not an edifying religious exercise, to say the least, as far as I was concerned.

Before Chancellorsville, was fatal Sharpsburg.1 My friend, Colonel Means, killed on the battle-field; his only son, Stark, wounded and a prisoner. His wife had not recovered from the death of her other child, Emma, who had died of consumption early in the war. She was lying on a bed when they told her of her husband's death, and then they tried to keep Stark's condition from her. They think now that she misunderstood and believed him dead, too. She threw something over her face. She did not utter one word. She remained quiet so long, some one removed the light shawl which she had thrown over her head and found she was dead. Miss Mary Stark, her sister, said afterward, “No wonder! How was she to face life without her husband and children? That was all she had ever lived for.” These are sad, unfortunate memories. Let us run away from them.

What has not my husband been doing this year, 1862, when all our South Carolina troops are in Virginia? Here we were without soldiers or arms. He raised an army, so to speak, and imported arms, through the Trenholm firm. He had arms to sell to the Confederacy. He laid the foundation of a niter-bed; and the Confederacy sent to Columbia to learn of Professor Le Conte how to begin theirs. He bought up all the old arms and had them altered and repaired. He built ships. He imported clothes and shoes for our soldiers, for which things they had long stood sorely in need. He imported cotton cards and set all idle hands carding and weaving. All the world was set to spinning cotton. He tried to stop the sale of whisky, and alas, he called for reserves — that is, men over age, and he committed the unforgivable offense of sending the sacred negro property to work on fortifications away from their owners' plantations.
_______________

1 During the summer of 1862, after the battle of Malvern Hill and before Sharpsburg, or Antietam, the following important battles had taken place: Harrison's Landing, July 3d and 4th; Harrison's Landing again, July 31st; Cedar Mountain, August 9th; Bull Run (second battle), August 29th and 30th, and South Mountain, September 14th.

SOURCE: Mary Boykin Chesnut, Edited by Isabella D. Martin and Myrta Lockett Avary, A Diary From Dixie, p. 214-5

Diary of Mary Brockenbrough Newton: June 16, 1862

Yesterday we sent letters to the Court-House to be mailed, presuming, as we had not seen an enemy for twenty-four hours, that the coast would be clear for awhile; but Bartlett rode into a detachment of them in Taliaferro's Lane. The poor old man, in his anxiety to save his letters, betrayed himself by putting his hand on his pocket. They were, of course, taken from him. [The letters I mentioned as having been published in the New York papers.] They are heartily welcome to mine; I hope the perusal may do them good, but C. is annoyed. It was the first letter she had written to her husband since the depredations at W., and she had expressed herself very freely.

SOURCE: Judith W. McGuire, Diary of a Southern Refugee, During the War, p. 144

Diary of Margaret Junkin Preston: December 19, 1863


Busy all forenoon getting breakfasts for soldiers, and filling haversacks. Two young cousins of Mr. P. (Moncures) who have lived most of their lives in Paris, came, looking as rough and dirty as any of the soldiers we saw yesterday. They belong to Lee's cavalry, and had straggled behind. We fed them, mended them up, and they passed on refreshed. I asked one of them if he could realize that he used to promenade the “Boulevards, and take his dinner at the “Palais Royal.” Their father is worth millions.  . . . Yet these young men were just as merry and contented as possible, though living a life infinitely harder than the worst worked slave. One of them had on coarse jeans trousers. The cadets are to go on to Buchanan tomorrow morning. The weather is bitterly cold, the roads very bad, and hard frozen. This day a twelvemonth poor Randolph was buried.

“Pain in the heart — pain in the head —
Grief for the living — grief for the dead!”

SOURCE: Elizabeth Preston Allan, The Life and Letters of Margaret Junkin Preston, p. 174

Diary of Corporal Alexander G. Downing: Saturday, July 23, 1864

All is quiet. No news from the front. A great many sick and wounded are coming in from the front. Deaths occur here at the hospital every day.

Source: Alexander G. Downing, Edited by Olynthus B., Clark, Downing’s Civil War Diary, p. 206

Diary of 2nd Lieutenant Lemuel A. Abbott: Wednesday, January 6, 1864


Chilly and cloudy but the weather is moderating very fast; got cheated out of my breakfast this morning on account of going on picket; formed line at 7.45 and so remained till nearly 10 a. m. when the officer of the day came and started us for the picket line; got on the wrong road and did not find the line until 3 p. m. It has been quite pleasant all day, but looks likely to storm before morning. No mail to-day.

SOURCE: Lemuel Abijah Abbott, Personal Recollections and Civil War Diary, 1864, p. 4

Diary of Corporal Charles H. Lynch: July 26, 1864

Called up early this morning. Wade the Potomac River over into Maryland. Marching on down the river road, across the Burnside Bridge, over Antietam Creek and the battlefield, passing the Dunker Church, located in the woods on the right. The rail fences were riddled with bullet holes, showing how fierce the battle must have been. Marched on through Sharpsburg, going into camp near the town, which shows the effects of the battle. The battle is known in the South as Sharpsburg. A fearful hot day, and a hard march. Our record for today is a march of about fifteen miles. Many of us fellows are marching shoeless.

SOURCE: Charles H. Lynch, The Civil War Diary, 1862-1865, of Charles H. Lynch 18th Conn. Vol's, p. 106

Diary of Luman Harris Tenney: April 1, 1862

The “Long Roll” was sounded at the Ninth Wisconsin headquarters for an April Fool. Another dark rainy day. Read "Ivanhoe" and issued rations.

SOURCE: Frances Andrews Tenney, War Diary Of Luman Harris Tenney, p. 10

Diary of Luman Harris Tenney: April 2, 1862

Messenger came in and reported Indians coming north. A scouting party was sent out.

SOURCE: Frances Andrews Tenney, War Diary Of Luman Harris Tenney, p. 10

Diary of Luman Harris Tenney: April 3, 1862

Camp moved to better ground for defense.

SOURCE: Frances Andrews Tenney, War Diary Of Luman Harris Tenney, p. 10